欧州 NATO EU
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A World History Free from Both Eurocentrism and Orientalism 11 The Formation of the Modern Nation-State 3
（A modern nation-state is a massive tax-collection apparatus. Parliament oversees it, while the government and bureaucracy manage its expenditures. The central bank maintains the stability of the currency that underpins domestic economic circulation. Law enforcement agencies guarantee the stability of power and society. The military and intelligence agencies are responsible for national security. And on the international stage, the nation…
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A World History Free from Both Eurocentrism and Orientalism 9
（This is a continuation of Part 8 “What Was the Modern Nation-State?“. Here, we will examine the process by which the modern nation-state—with its defining characteristics such as national borders, a single ethnic group, and a single language (though these are, to a large extent, artificial constructs)—took shape in Britain from the 17th century onward. At the same time, we…
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A World History Free from Both Eurocentrism and Orientalism 8
What Was the Modern Nation-State? （The modern world has been built around the “nation-state.” It has borders, a dominant national group and its language, and sovereignty over its territory. We were taught in school that the seventeenth-century Peace of Westphalia established these principles and that sovereign states stand as equals. Today, however, this idea of the modern state is being…
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Is a So-Called “National Strategy” Necessary for Humanity?
Yesterday, while listening to a discussion at a seminar, a thought occurred to me. People often complain that “Japan has no national strategy.” But the nation-state itself is something of a mirage. . Once a society begins producing a surplus—in other words, once it accumulates wealth—people emerge who take it upon themselves to use that wealth. They have no practical…
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A World History Free from Both Eurocentrism and Orientalism 7 Did Alexander the Great Conquer the East, or Was He Conquered?
（After Greece, the history of the Mediterranean shifts to Rome. However, in between, we have the conquest of Alexander the Great. Often, this event is portrayed as an advanced European civilization sweeping in to civilize a backward East, but let’s examine what the situation was really like. IIncidentally, it must be noted that his power was largely sustained by the…
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A World History Free from Both Eurocentrism and Orientalism 6 Greece—a Mutant of Mediterranean Civilization
（This chapter deals with ancient Greece.It is not known where the people of ancient Greece came from. As can be seen from the statues that have survived to the present day, they differed from the people of the Orient. While Athens is considered Ionian and Sparta Dorian in origin, their cultures share commonalities. Furthermore, the reverence for “freedom” and the…