中東
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A World History Free from Both Eurocentrism and Orientalism 9
（This is a continuation of Part 8 “What Was the Modern Nation-State?“. Here, we will examine the process by which the modern nation-state—with its defining characteristics such as national borders, a single ethnic group, and a single language (though these are, to a large extent, artificial constructs)—took shape in Britain from the 17th century onward. At the same time, we…
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A World History Free from Both Eurocentrism and Orientalism 7 Did Alexander the Great Conquer the East, or Was He Conquered?
（After Greece, the history of the Mediterranean shifts to Rome. However, in between, we have the conquest of Alexander the Great. Often, this event is portrayed as an advanced European civilization sweeping in to civilize a backward East, but let’s examine what the situation was really like. IIncidentally, it must be noted that his power was largely sustained by the…
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A World History Free from Both Eurocentrism and Orientalism 6 Greece—a Mutant of Mediterranean Civilization
（This chapter deals with ancient Greece.It is not known where the people of ancient Greece came from. As can be seen from the statues that have survived to the present day, they differed from the people of the Orient. While Athens is considered Ionian and Sparta Dorian in origin, their cultures share commonalities. Furthermore, the reverence for “freedom” and the…